The effects of incidental focus on form on learning vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation

Previous studies on incidental focus form (FonF) have mostly focused its overall effectiveness. This study is an attempt to further examine the effectiveness of FonF with regard different linguistic categories (vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation). To this end, eight hours a free discussion English as foreign language (EFL) class 12 upper-intermediate learners were observed, instances episodes (FFEs) identified. Uptake sheets also used identify learners’ noticing FFEs their novelty them. measure effects learning categories, individualized immediate delayed post-tests designed based on-the-spot written reports novel forms addressed by FFEs. The results indicated that was almost equally effective in developing knowledge forms. findings revealed fostering at both explicit/implicit receptive/productive levels.